Nursing Elites

1. What is the name for the change in enthalpy (heat) associated with a chemical reaction at constant pressure?

• A. Entropy
• B. Enthalpy
• C. Gibbs free energy
• D. Heat of reaction

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Heat of reaction. The heat of reaction, also known as the enthalpy change, is the amount of heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction at constant pressure. Entropy (A) is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system and is not specifically related to heat changes in a chemical reaction. Enthalpy (B) is the total heat content of a system and not just the change associated with a reaction. Gibbs free energy (C) is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature and pressure, but it is not the specific term for the heat change in a chemical reaction.

2. Which of the following is NOT a primary producer in an ecosystem?

• A. Grass
• B. Deer
• C. Algae
• D. Mushroom

Correct answer: B

Rationale: - A) Grass: Grass is a primary producer because it can photosynthesize and convert sunlight into energy, making it the base of the food chain. - B) Deer: Deer are consumers that feed on primary producers like grass, so they are not primary producers themselves. - C) Algae: Algae are primary producers that can photosynthesize and produce energy from sunlight. - D) Mushroom: Mushrooms are decomposers that break down organic matter, so they are not primary producers.

3. Which of the following cell organelles is the site of lipid synthesis?

• A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• B. ribosome
• C. rough endoplasmic reticulum
• D. Golgi apparatus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle lacks ribosomes on its surface, unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein synthesis. The enzymes present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for synthesizing lipids such as phospholipids and steroids. Choice B, ribosomes, are responsible for protein synthesis and not lipid synthesis. Choice C, rough endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in protein synthesis due to the presence of ribosomes. Choice D, Golgi apparatus, is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion, not lipid synthesis.

4. Which element is used in fire extinguishers to smother flames by displacing oxygen?

• A. Nitrogen
• B. Carbon dioxide
• C. Helium
• D. Argon

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Carbon dioxide is the correct answer. It is used in fire extinguishers because it displaces oxygen, which is necessary for combustion. When carbon dioxide is released onto a fire, it reduces the oxygen concentration around the flames, effectively smothering the fire. This disruption of oxygen availability interrupts the chemical reaction that sustains the fire. Nitrogen (Choice A), helium (Choice C), and argon (Choice D) are not typically used in fire extinguishers for smothering flames by displacing oxygen. Nitrogen is an inert gas that can displace oxygen but is not as effective as carbon dioxide in fire suppression.

5. Identify the function NOT attributed to the lymphatic system.

• A. Fluid drainage from tissues
• B. Immune response via white blood cell production
• C. Nutrient transport throughout the body
• D. Waste removal through lymph nodes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Fluid drainage from tissues: This function is attributed to the lymphatic system. Lymphatic vessels collect excess fluid from tissues and return it to the bloodstream. B) Immune response via white blood cell production: The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the body's immune response by producing and transporting white blood cells, such as lymphocytes, which help fight infections. C) Nutrient transport throughout the body: Nutrient transport is primarily carried out by the circulatory system (blood vessels), not the lymphatic system. The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells and removes waste products. D) Waste removal through lymph nodes: The lymphatic system helps remove waste and toxins from the body by filtering lymph through lymph nodes, where harmful substances are trapped and destroyed by immune cells. Therefore, the function NOT attributed to the lymphatic system is C) Nutrient transport throughout the body.

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