what is the major difference between somatic and germline mutations

ATI TEAS 7

ATI TEAS Science Questions

1. What is the major difference between somatic and germline mutations?

A. Somatic mutations usually benefit the individual while germline mutations usually harm them.
B. Since germline mutations only affect one cell, they are less noticeable than the rapidly dividing somatic cells.
C. Somatic mutations are not expressed for several generations, but germline mutations are expressed immediately.
D. Germline mutations are usually inherited while somatic mutations will affect only the individual.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The major difference between somatic and germline mutations is that germline mutations are usually inherited and can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations occur in non-reproductive cells and only affect the individual in which they occur. This means that germline mutations have the potential to be present in future generations, while somatic mutations do not.

2. What is the mass number of an element?

A. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
B. The number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
C. The number of electrons in an atom's valence shell.
D. The number of isotopes of an element.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The mass number of an element represents the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. It specifically focuses on the number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus, which contributes to the overall mass of the atom. Therefore, the mass number is not solely determined by the number of protons, electrons, or isotopes. Choice A is incorrect because it refers to the atomic number, which is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. Choice C is incorrect as the number of electrons in the valence shell is related to the atom's reactivity and bonding behavior, not the mass number. Choice D is incorrect because the mass number does not represent the number of isotopes of an element, but rather the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. Thus, option B, the number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus, is the correct choice.

3. Which term is used interchangeably with negative variation?

A. Non-correlation
B. Direct correlation
C. Inverse correlation
D. Positive correlation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inverse correlation. Negative variation is synonymous with inverse correlation, indicating that as one variable increases, the other decreases. This relationship is the opposite of positive correlation, where both variables increase or decrease together. Non-correlation and direct correlation do not convey the concept of negative variation and are not interchangeable terms in this context. Non-correlation refers to variables that are not related or associated, while direct correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other also increases. Positive correlation describes a relationship where both variables increase together, which is the opposite of negative variation.

4. Which of the following is an example of a salt?

A. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
C. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
D. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of a salt. Salts are ionic compounds formed by the reaction of an acid with a base. In this case, sodium chloride is formed by the reaction of sodium hydroxide (a base) with hydrochloric acid (an acid). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) are not salts because they are not formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base, which is a characteristic of salts.

5. What is the primary function of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in gene editing?

A. To amplify specific DNA sequences.
B. To cut DNA at specific locations.
C. To deliver genes into cells.
D. To sequence entire genomes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful tool used in gene editing to precisely target and cut DNA at specific locations within the genome. This system consists of a guide RNA that directs the Cas9 enzyme to the desired DNA sequence, where it creates a double-strand break. This break can then be repaired by the cell's natural DNA repair mechanisms, allowing for the introduction of specific genetic modifications. Options A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the primary function of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in gene editing. Amplifying DNA sequences, delivering genes into cells, and sequencing entire genomes are not the main functions of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which is primarily focused on precise DNA cutting for targeted genetic modifications.