Nursing Elites

1. The type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) that develops when the diet lacks protein is called:

• A. kwashiorkor.
• B. marasmus.
• C. anemia.
• D. beriberi.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a form of protein-energy malnutrition that arises due to a protein-deficient diet. This condition leads to symptoms such as edema, skin lesions, and fatty liver. Choice B, marasmus, is a form of PEM caused by overall malnutrition (protein and calorie deficiency), resulting in severe wasting and muscle loss. Choice C, anemia, is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, not specifically related to protein deficiency. Choice D, beriberi, is a disease caused by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, not a form of PEM related to protein deficiency.

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of essential fatty acids?

• A. They can come from both animal and plant sources.
• B. They are not manufactured by the body.
• C. They are not manufactured by the body.
• D. They are manufactured by the body.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Essential fatty acids are not manufactured by the body. These fatty acids must be obtained through the diet because the body cannot synthesize them. Choice A is incorrect because essential fatty acids can come from both animal and plant sources, not just from an animal source. Choice C is the correct characteristic of essential fatty acids. Choice D is incorrect because essential fatty acids are not produced by the body.

3. Which of the following saturated fats does not contain cholesterol?

• A. Butter
• B. Coconut oil
• C. Eggs
• D. Fish

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Coconut oil. Coconut oil is a saturated fat derived from plants and does not contain cholesterol, unlike the other options. Butter (choice A) is an animal-derived saturated fat that contains cholesterol. Eggs (choice C) and fish (choice D) also contain cholesterol, making them incorrect choices. Therefore, coconut oil is the only option that is a saturated fat and does not contain cholesterol.

4. Which tissue has the highest rate of protein turnover?

• A. Skin
• B. Intestinal mucosa
• C. Muscle
• D. Adipose tissue

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Intestinal mucosa. The intestinal mucosa has the highest rate of protein turnover due to its rapid cell renewal. The skin, muscle, and adipose tissue do not exhibit protein turnover rates as high as the intestinal mucosa. Skin cells turnover relatively slower compared to the rapid renewal of intestinal mucosa cells. Muscles have a moderate rate of protein turnover, while adipose tissue has a lower turnover rate compared to the other tissues mentioned.

5. Which option below is an example of a meal or snack that contains complementary proteins?

• A. an egg and cheese omelet
• B. a peanut butter sandwich
• C. trail mix with nuts and raisins
• D. mixed bean salad with green beans, kidney beans, and white beans

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, a peanut butter sandwich. A peanut butter sandwich combines grains from the bread and proteins from the nuts in the peanut butter, providing complementary proteins. This combination offers all essential amino acids. Choices A, C, and D do not contain complementary proteins as they lack the combination of different protein sources necessary to provide a complete amino acid profile.

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