Nursing Elites

1. Plasma lipoproteins contain varying amounts of:

• A. ascorbic acid.
• B. triglycerides.
• C. lecithin.
• D. glucose.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: triglycerides. Plasma lipoproteins, such as LDL and HDL, contain triglycerides, cholesterol, and other fats. Ascorbic acid (choice A) is not typically found in plasma lipoproteins; it is a form of vitamin C. Lecithin (choice C) is a phospholipid found in cell membranes but is not a major component of plasma lipoproteins. Glucose (choice D) is a type of sugar and is not a primary component of plasma lipoproteins.

2. Sucrose consists of a combination of glucose and:

• A. maltose.
• B. fructose.
• C. galactose.
• D. lactose.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, fructose. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. Maltose (choice A) is composed of two glucose molecules, galactose (choice C) is a monosaccharide, and lactose (choice D) is composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose. Therefore, fructose is the correct choice for the second component of sucrose.

3. The lining of the stomach and intestine is protected from self-digestion by:

• A. pepsinogen.
• B. bile.
• C. mucus.
• D. fat.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucus. Mucus forms a protective barrier that prevents the stomach and intestine from digesting themselves. Pepsinogen (choice A) is an inactive form of pepsin, a digestive enzyme, and does not protect the stomach lining. Bile (choice B) aids in the digestion and absorption of fats but does not protect the stomach lining. Fat (choice D) is a nutrient and energy source; it does not play a role in protecting the stomach and intestine from self-digestion.

4. The release of gastric secretions is stimulated by nerve and hormonal stimuli and the:

• A. ingestion of water.
• B. swallowing reflex.
• C. presence of food in the stomach.
• D. closing of the pyloric sphincter.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'presence of food in the stomach.' Gastric secretions are stimulated when food enters the stomach, triggering nerve and hormonal responses. This process prepares the stomach for digestion. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because ingesting water, swallowing reflex, and the closing of the pyloric sphincter do not directly stimulate the release of gastric secretions.

5. Which enzyme is secreted by the salivary glands?

• A. Pepsin.
• B. Trypsin.
• C. Sucrase.
• D. Amylase.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, amylase. Amylase is an enzyme produced by the salivary glands that initiates the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth. Pepsin (choice A) is produced in the stomach to digest proteins, trypsin (choice B) is produced in the pancreas to digest proteins, and sucrase (choice C) is produced in the small intestine to break down sucrose. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of an enzyme secreted by the salivary glands.

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