Nursing Elites

1. How does a nursing infant receive antibodies from its mother?

• A. Through anabolism and catabolism.
• B. Through the absorption of antibodies.
• C. Through the absorption of amino acids and synthesis of antibodies.
• D. Through genetic inheritance.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A nursing infant receives antibodies from its mother through the absorption of antibodies present in breast milk. Choice A is incorrect as anabolism and catabolism refer to metabolic processes, not the transfer of antibodies. Choice C is incorrect as the infant does not need to synthesize antibodies but directly receives them. Choice D is incorrect because while genetic inheritance plays a role in the immune system, in this case, the direct transfer of antibodies occurs through breast milk.

2. What are the major sources of energy for the body?

• A. Proteins and fats.
• B. Carbohydrates and fats.
• C. Proteins and carbohydrates.
• D. Vitamins and minerals.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Carbohydrates and fats. Carbohydrates are the body's primary and most efficient source of energy, providing fuel for daily activities. Fats are also a significant energy source, especially during times of prolonged or intense exercise. Proteins are primarily used for building and repairing tissues, not as a major energy source. Vitamins and minerals are essential for various bodily functions but do not serve as direct sources of energy.

3. What types of muscular movement occur in the intestine?

• A. Longitudinal and circular.
• B. Expulsion and traction.
• C. Tonus and clonus.
• D. Intermittent and continuous.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Longitudinal and circular. Longitudinal and circular muscles are responsible for the movements that help propel food through the intestine. Choice B, expulsion and traction, is incorrect as these terms do not specifically relate to the types of muscular movement in the intestine. Choice C, tonus and clonus, refers to different types of muscle contractions and are not the primary movements in the intestine. Choice D, intermittent and continuous, does not accurately describe the specific types of muscular movement that occur in the intestine.

4. The major focus of nutritional recommendations in this century has shifted to:

• A. prevention and control of chronic diseases.
• B. improved sanitation and public health.
• C. prevention and control of infectious diseases.
• D. development of healthful foods using food technology.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: prevention and control of chronic diseases. In this century, nutritional recommendations have increasingly emphasized the importance of preventing and managing chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Lifestyle factors such as diet play a significant role in the development of these conditions. Option B, improved sanitation and public health, although important for overall health, is not the primary focus of nutritional recommendations. Option C, prevention and control of infectious diseases, is also crucial but does not reflect the current major focus of nutritional recommendations. Option D, development of healthful foods using food technology, is a valid area of interest but is not the primary shift in focus observed in nutritional recommendations.

5. With respect to its effect on colon microflora, fiber is considered a:

• A. prebiotic.
• B. probiotic.
• C. functional food.
• D. protective agent.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: prebiotic. Fiber acts as a prebiotic by providing a food source for beneficial bacteria in the colon, promoting their growth and activity. This helps maintain a healthy balance of microflora in the gut. Choice B, probiotic, is incorrect as fiber itself does not contain live beneficial bacteria but rather supports their growth. Choice C, functional food, is too broad and doesn't specifically address fiber's role in promoting beneficial bacteria. Choice D, protective agent, is vague and does not directly relate to fiber's specific function in colon microflora.

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