Nursing Elites

1. What is involved in the involuntary reflex arc that withdraws your hand from a hot object?

• A. Central nervous system only
• B. Peripheral nervous system only
• C. Both CNS and PNS
• D. Sensory neurons only

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The involuntary reflex arc that withdraws your hand from a hot object involves both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). When your hand touches a hot object, sensory neurons in the PNS detect the heat and send signals to the spinal cord in the CNS. The spinal cord processes this information and sends a signal back through motor neurons in the PNS to move your hand away from the hot object. This coordinated response requires the collaboration of both the CNS and PNS to protect the body from harm. Choice A is incorrect because the reflex arc involves more than just the central nervous system. Choice B is incorrect because the reflex arc involves more than just the peripheral nervous system. Choice D is incorrect because the reflex arc also involves motor neurons, not just sensory neurons.

2. Which brain structure is responsible for processing visual information?

• A. Cerebrum
• B. Occipital lobe
• C. Frontal lobe
• D. Brainstem

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The corrected question and choices are accurate. The correct answer is the Occipital lobe. The occipital lobe, located at the back of the brain, is primarily responsible for processing visual information received from the eyes. It plays a crucial role in interpreting and making sense of visual stimuli, allowing us to perceive and understand the world around us. The other choices, cerebrum (A), frontal lobe (C), and brainstem (D), do not have the primary function of processing visual information. The cerebrum is involved in higher brain functions, the frontal lobe is responsible for decision-making and personality, and the brainstem controls basic life functions like breathing and heart rate.

3. Which structure in the lungs is the site of gas exchange?

• A. Trachea
• B. Alveoli
• C. Bronchioles
• D. Diaphragm

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide from the blood is released into the alveoli to be exhaled. The trachea (Choice A) is the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs, but it is not involved in gas exchange. Bronchioles (Choice C) are small air passages within the lungs that branch off from the bronchi, leading air to the alveoli but not directly involved in gas exchange. The diaphragm (Choice D) is a muscle below the lungs that helps in breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity, but it is not the site of gas exchange.

4. What are chromosomes made of?

• A. DNA and RNA
• B. DNA and protein
• C. Protein and RNA
• D. DNA and lipids

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Chromosomes are made up of DNA and associated proteins. These proteins help package and organize the DNA within the cell, playing a crucial role in gene regulation and cell division. While RNA is involved in various cellular processes, it is not a primary component of chromosomes. Lipids are not a fundamental component of chromosomes, which primarily consist of DNA and proteins.

5. Which of the following is a property of amphiprotic substances?

• A. React with acids only
• B. React with bases only
• C. Can act as both acids and bases
• D. Are inert in chemical reactions

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Can act as both acids and bases. Amphiprotic substances have the ability to donate a proton (act as an acid) or accept a proton (act as a base) depending on the reaction conditions. This dual nature allows them to participate in a wide range of chemical reactions, making them versatile and important in various chemical processes. Choices A and B are incorrect because amphiprotic substances are not limited to reacting with only acids or bases; they can interact with both. Choice D is incorrect because amphiprotic substances are not inert; they actively participate in chemical reactions by donating or accepting protons.

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