Nursing Elites

1. The hormone secretin stimulates production of a buffering solution for the duodenum by the:

• A. stomach.
• B. liver.
• C. pancreas.
• D. oxyntic cells.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, which acts as a buffering solution to neutralize the acid entering the duodenum from the stomach. This process helps in maintaining the pH balance in the small intestine. Choice A, stomach, is incorrect as the stomach does not produce the buffering solution needed for the duodenum. Choice B, liver, is incorrect because secretin does not directly stimulate the liver to produce a buffering solution. Choice D, oxyntic cells, is also incorrect as these cells in the stomach are responsible for producing gastric acid, not the buffering solution needed in the duodenum.

2. Which mineral helps strengthen tooth enamel and prevent dental caries?

• A. Calcium
• B. Phosphorus
• C. Fluoride
• D. Zinc

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Fluoride. Fluoride is a mineral known for its ability to strengthen tooth enamel and prevent dental caries. While calcium (Choice A) is essential for strong bones and teeth, it is not specifically known for preventing dental caries. Phosphorus (Choice B) is crucial for bone health but is not directly associated with preventing dental caries. Zinc (Choice D) is not typically recognized for strengthening tooth enamel or preventing dental caries.

3. Signs of malnutrition can appear when:

• A. nutrient reserves are depleted.
• B. nutrient intake exceeds daily needs.
• C. energy intake is restricted.
• D. caloric expenditure increases.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'nutrient reserves are depleted.' Signs of malnutrition manifest when the body's reserves of essential nutrients are exhausted and can no longer sustain health. Choice B is incorrect because excessive nutrient intake exceeding daily needs does not lead to malnutrition but may cause other health issues. Choice C is incorrect as restricting energy intake may lead to weight loss but not necessarily malnutrition. Choice D is also incorrect as increasing caloric expenditure does not directly cause malnutrition.

4. After absorption, the end products of carbohydrate and protein digestion enter the:

• A. enterohepatic circulation.
• B. gastrointestinal circulation.
• C. common bile duct.
• D. portal blood system.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: portal blood system. After absorption, carbohydrates and proteins are transported via the portal blood system to the liver for further processing and distribution to the rest of the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Enterohepatic circulation refers to the recycling of compounds between the liver and the intestines, not the direct route for absorbed nutrients. Gastrointestinal circulation is a vague and non-specific term, not specifically related to the transport of absorbed nutrients. The common bile duct is involved in transporting bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine, not the end products of carbohydrate and protein digestion.

5. What is the main constituent of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid?

• A. potassium
• B. sodium
• C. water
• D. calcium

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: water. Water is the main component of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including transporting nutrients, regulating body temperature, and maintaining cell structure. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while potassium, sodium, and calcium are essential electrolytes found in the body, they are not the main constituents of these fluids as water is.

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