Nursing Elites

1. The body of scientific knowledge related to nutritional requirements for human growth, maintenance, activity, and reproduction is known as:

• A. physiology.
• B. nutrition science.
• C. biochemistry.
• D. dietetics.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: nutrition science. Nutrition science specifically focuses on studying the requirements and functions of nutrients in relation to human growth, maintenance, activity, and reproduction. Choice A, physiology, deals more with the functions of living organisms and their parts, not specifically related to nutrients. Choice C, biochemistry, focuses on the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms, not specifically centered on nutritional requirements. Choice D, dietetics, involves the application of nutritional knowledge in planning and managing diets for individuals, but it is more focused on the practical aspect rather than the broader scientific study of nutritional requirements.

2. Ketones are produced when:

• A. carbohydrate stores are depleted.
• B. excess protein is consumed.
• C. protein stores are depleted.
• D. fat stores are depleted.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Ketones are produced when the body uses fat for energy due to the depletion of carbohydrate stores. When carbohydrate stores are depleted, the body turns to fat as its primary source of energy, leading to the production of ketones. Excess protein consumption does not directly lead to ketone production. Similarly, the depletion of protein stores or fat stores is not directly related to the production of ketones.

3. What are probiotics?

• A. Indigestible carbohydrates that promote growth of health-promoting bacteria.
• B. Antibiotics that prevent growth of harmful bacteria.
• C. Nutritional supplements of health-promoting bacteria.
• D. Commercial fiber supplements that have a laxative effect.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Probiotics are live bacteria that are beneficial for gut health and are often taken as supplements. They are not indigestible carbohydrates (Choice A), antibiotics (Choice B), or commercial fiber supplements (Choice D). Probiotics contain live strains of good bacteria that help maintain a healthy balance in the gut microbiome.

4. Which component of protein contains nitrogen?

• A. Amino group
• B. Carboxyl group
• C. Peptide bond
• D. Side chain

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the amino group. Amino groups are functional groups found in amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. These groups contain nitrogen and are essential for the structure and function of proteins. The carboxyl group (choice B) contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, while the peptide bond (choice C) is a covalent bond formed between amino acids in a protein chain. The side chain (choice D) refers to the unique chemical structure attached to the central carbon of an amino acid and varies among different amino acids, but it does not specifically contain nitrogen.

5. Consuming 30 g of which nutrient would provide the highest number of kcalories?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Fat
• C. Protein
• D. Micronutrients

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, 'Fat.' Fat provides 9 kcalories per gram, which is more than carbohydrates and proteins that provide 4 kcalories per gram each. Therefore, consuming 30 g of fat would yield a higher number of kcalories compared to the same amount of carbohydrates or proteins. Micronutrients do not significantly contribute to kcalories, making them an incorrect choice in this scenario.

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