Nursing Elites

1. What are stem cells that can develop into many different cell types, but not a complete organism, known as?

• A. Totipotent stem cells
• B. Multipotent stem cells
• C. Pluripotent stem cells
• D. Hematopoietic stem cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Pluripotent stem cells are capable of developing into many different cell types, but they cannot form a complete organism. Totipotent stem cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues, enabling them to form a complete organism. Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a limited range of cell types. Hematopoietic stem cells specifically give rise to blood cells.

2. Which fibrous connective tissue connects a muscle to a bone, allowing movement at a joint?

• A. Tendon
• B. Ligament
• C. Cartilage
• D. Bursa

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Tendons, the correct answer, are fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones, enabling movement at joints. They play a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by muscles to the bones, facilitating movement. Ligaments (option B) connect bone to bone, providing stability to joints. Cartilage (option C) is a flexible tissue that acts as a cushion, reducing friction between bones in joints. Bursae (option D) are fluid-filled sacs located near joints that help reduce friction between tissues such as tendons and bones.

3. What is cystitis an inflammation of?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Bladder
• C. Ureters
• D. Urethra

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder. It is typically caused by a bacterial infection and can lead to symptoms such as frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and lower abdominal discomfort. The inflammation specifically affects the bladder lining. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Kidneys are not the site of inflammation in cystitis; they are associated with conditions like pyelonephritis. Ureters are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder, and the urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Bladder.'

4. What is the process of converting glucose into ATP, the cell's primary energy currency, called?

• A. Cellular respiration
• B. Fermentation
• C. Photosynthesis
• D. Hydrolysis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A) Cellular respiration is the correct answer. It is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell. This process involves a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells or the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Through cellular respiration, the energy stored in glucose molecules is gradually released and captured in the form of ATP. B) Fermentation is an anaerobic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen. It involves the partial breakdown of glucose to produce ATP and end products such as lactic acid or ethanol. While fermentation can generate ATP, it is less efficient than cellular respiration in terms of energy production. C) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process occurs in chloroplasts and is the opposite of cellular respiration. While photosynthesis produces glucose, it is not the process of converting glucose into ATP. D) Hydrolysis is a chemical process that uses water to break down molecules into smaller components. It is not specifically related to converting glucose into ATP.

5. How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

• A. Meiosis is used for repairing the body. Mitosis is used for cell reproduction.
• B. Meiosis is used for sexual reproduction. Mitosis is used for asexual reproduction.
• C. Meiosis occurs in various organisms. Mitosis occurs in various organisms.
• D. Meiosis produces cells that are genetically different. Mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in the formation of sex cells (gametes) with only half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, leading to genetically different cells. In contrast, mitosis is a cell division process that produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell, maintaining the same chromosome number. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as meiosis and mitosis differ in their genetic outcomes - meiosis results in genetic diversity, while mitosis maintains genetic identity. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not accurately distinguish between meiosis and mitosis. Meiosis is not used for repairing the body or asexual reproduction, and the occurrence of both processes in various organisms does not highlight their primary differences in genetic outcomes.

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