Nursing Elites

1. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tough connective tissues called

• A. Ligaments
• B. Tendons
• C. Cartilage
• D. Fascia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tough connective tissues called tendons. Tendons are strong, fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones, allowing for movement and stability in the body. Ligaments (option A) connect bones to other bones, not muscles to bones. Cartilage (option C) is firm and flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body, but it does not attach muscles to bones. Fascia (option D) is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, providing support and protection, but it does not directly attach muscles to bones.

2. The muscular diaphragm plays a vital role in respiration. When it contracts, it:

• A. Increases lung volume for inhalation
• B. Decreases lung volume for exhalation
• C. Filters dust and particles from inhaled air
• D. Produces mucus to lubricate the airways

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The muscular diaphragm plays a crucial role in respiration by contracting and flattening during inhalation. This action increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, which leads to a decrease in pressure within the lungs, allowing air to rush in and fill the expanded space. Choice B is incorrect because the diaphragm contracting increases the lung volume for inhalation, not decreases it for exhalation. Choice C is incorrect as the role of filtering dust and particles is primarily performed by the respiratory system's other structures like the nasal passages and the mucous membranes. Choice D is incorrect as mucus production is mainly carried out by specialized cells in the respiratory system and not by the diaphragm.

3. What are the components of an ECG?

• A. P wave, T wave, U wave
• B. P wave, QRS complex, T wave
• C. QRS complex, S wave, P wave
• D. T wave, S wave, U wave

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: P wave, QRS complex, T wave. The components of an ECG include the P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and T wave (ventricular repolarization). The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization. Options A, C, and D have incorrect combinations of ECG components. Option A incorrectly includes the U wave, which is not a standard component of a typical ECG. Option C includes the S wave, which is not a primary component of a standard ECG. Option D includes the U wave, which is not a standard component, and the S wave, which is not a primary component of an ECG. Therefore, option B is the most accurate combination of components for an ECG.

4. What does the term 'electron configuration' refer to in relation to an atom?

• A. The arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals.
• B. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
• C. The number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
• D. The number of electrons in an atom's valence shell.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The electron configuration of an atom refers to the arrangement of electrons in the atom's orbitals. This arrangement determines the atom's chemical properties and behavior. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus (option B) is known as the atomic number, which defines the element. The number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus (option C) contributes to the atom's mass number. The number of electrons in an atom's valence shell (option D) is important for understanding the atom's reactivity and bonding behavior, but the electron configuration specifically refers to how electrons are distributed among the different orbitals in an atom.

5. What is the process called in which a substance changes from a gas to a liquid?

• A. Condensation.
• B. Evaporation.
• C. Sublimation.
• D. Vaporization.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Condensation is indeed the correct answer. It is the process by which a substance changes from a gas to a liquid. This occurs when the temperature of a gas decreases enough for its particles to lose energy and come together to form a liquid. On the other hand, evaporation is the process of a liquid changing to a gas. Sublimation is the direct transition of a substance from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase. Vaporization, on the other hand, is the general term for the process of a liquid changing to a gas, which includes both evaporation and boiling.

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