Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following sugars tastes the sweetest?

• A. Glucose
• B. Sucrose
• C. Galactose
• D. Fructose

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Fructose is known to be the sweetest among naturally occurring sugars. While glucose, sucrose, and galactose also have sweet tastes, fructose is commonly perceived as the sweetest due to its higher level of sweetness. Glucose is a simple sugar found in many carbohydrates; sucrose is table sugar composed of glucose and fructose; galactose is a component of lactose found in dairy products. However, when comparing the sweetness levels of these sugars, fructose stands out as the sweetest.

2. Proteins are absorbed primarily in the form of:

• A. fatty acids.
• B. disaccharides.
• C. amino acids.
• D. polypeptides.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: amino acids. Proteins are broken down by digestive enzymes into amino acids before being absorbed in the small intestine. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are the form in which they are primarily absorbed. Choice A (fatty acids) is incorrect as fatty acids are the end products of fat digestion, not protein digestion. Choice B (disaccharides) is incorrect because disaccharides are sugars that are broken down into monosaccharides, not proteins. Choice D (polypeptides) is incorrect as proteins are broken down into amino acids and not absorbed as polypeptides.

3. What can excessive intakes of dietary protein do?

• A. cause vitamin deficiencies.
• B. impair kidney function.
• C. increase weight loss.
• D. decrease production of indispensable amino acids.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Excessive intake of dietary protein can lead to impaired kidney function over time. Excessive protein consumption can put a strain on the kidneys as they work to eliminate the byproducts of protein metabolism. This can potentially lead to kidney damage. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Excessive protein intake is not directly linked to causing vitamin deficiencies, increasing weight loss, or decreasing the production of indispensable amino acids.

4. Which pathogenic bacterium is associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer?

• A. Lactobacillus.
• B. Bifidobacterium.
• C. H. pylori.
• D. E. coli.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is H. pylori. This bacterium is known to be associated with the development of peptic ulcers and an increased risk of gastric cancer. Lactobacillus (Choice A) and Bifidobacterium (Choice B) are probiotic bacteria that are beneficial to human health and not associated with causing these conditions. E. coli (Choice D) is a diverse group of bacteria, some of which can be pathogenic, but they are not primarily linked to peptic ulcers and gastric cancer like H. pylori.

5. Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

• A. Muscles.
• B. Pancreas.
• C. Liver.
• D. Spleen.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Gluconeogenesis mainly occurs in the liver. It is a process where glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and glycerol. The liver is the primary site for gluconeogenesis due to the presence of key enzymes and substrates required for this process. Muscles do not play a significant role in gluconeogenesis, making choice A incorrect. The pancreas is involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon but is not the primary site for gluconeogenesis, so choice B is incorrect. The spleen is not a major organ involved in glucose metabolism, making choice D incorrect.

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