Nursing Elites

1. Muscles that work in opposition to each other, producing opposing movements, are called:

• A. Synergists
• B. Antagonists
• C. Agonists
• D. Fixators

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Antagonist muscles are pairs of muscles that work in opposition to each other, producing opposing movements. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes to allow the movement to occur smoothly. Synergists are muscles that work together to create a movement, not in opposition. Agonists are muscles primarily responsible for producing a specific movement, not opposing each other. Fixators are muscles that stabilize joints to allow other movements to take place, providing a stable base for muscle actions but do not produce opposing movements.

2. Which type of isomerism arises due to differences in the arrangement of atoms around a double bond?

• A. Chain isomerism
• B. Functional group isomerism
• C. Cis-trans isomerism
• D. Stereoisomerism

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cis-trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism, arises due to differences in the arrangement of atoms around a double bond. In cis isomers, similar groups are on the same side of the double bond, while in trans isomers, similar groups are on opposite sides of the double bond. This type of isomerism is a subset of stereoisomerism, which includes all isomers that have the same connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement. Chain isomerism involves differences in the carbon chain arrangement, functional group isomerism involves different functional groups, and stereoisomerism is a broader category that encompasses isomers with the same connectivity but different spatial arrangement.

3. Which of the following factors would NOT affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent?

• A. Temperature
• B. Pressure
• C. Particle size
• D. Nature of the solute and solvent

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pressure does not typically affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Solubility is primarily influenced by factors such as temperature, particle size, and the nature of the solute and solvent. Increasing pressure generally has a minimal effect on the solubility of solids in liquids. The impact of pressure on solubility is more significant for gases in liquids rather than solids in liquids. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, and D directly impact the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Temperature affects the solubility as it changes the kinetic energy of particles, particle size can impact the surface area available for interaction between solute and solvent, and the nature of the solute and solvent influences their intermolecular interactions and compatibility.

4. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process in the brain associated with:

• A. Sensory perception
• B. Memory formation
• C. Muscle control
• D. Emotional regulation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process in the brain strongly associated with memory formation. It involves the strengthening of synapses between neurons, which is crucial for learning and memory. Sensory perception, muscle control, and emotional regulation are not directly related to LTP. Sensory perception involves the detection and processing of sensory information, muscle control pertains to movement coordination, and emotional regulation refers to the management of emotions, none of which are primarily influenced by LTP.

5. What is the primary function of red blood cells?

• A. To transport nutrients
• B. To transport oxygen
• C. To fight infection
• D. To produce antibodies

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To transport oxygen. Red blood cells play a crucial role in carrying oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues and organs in the body. This oxygen transport is essential for cellular respiration, where oxygen is used in the production of energy. Red blood cells do not primarily transport nutrients, fight infection, or produce antibodies. Choice A is incorrect because while red blood cells do carry some nutrients, their primary function is to transport oxygen. Choice C is incorrect because immune cells, not red blood cells, are responsible for fighting infections. Choice D is incorrect as antibody production is mainly carried out by specialized white blood cells, not red blood cells.

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