Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following are macronutrients?

• A. Minerals.
• B. Proteins.
• C. Vitamins.
• D. Enzymes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Proteins are indeed macronutrients, along with carbohydrates and fats. Macronutrients are nutrients that provide energy and are required in large amounts by the body. Minerals and vitamins are considered micronutrients, as they are needed in smaller quantities. Enzymes, on the other hand, are not nutrients but rather biological molecules that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

2. Which term describes the amino acids that are synthesized by the body?

• A. essential amino acids.
• B. nonessential amino acids.
• C. complete amino acids.
• D. incomplete amino acids.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: nonessential amino acids. Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body, so they do not need to be obtained through the diet. Essential amino acids, choice A, must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot produce them. Choices C and D, complete and incomplete amino acids respectively, do not accurately describe the classification of amino acids based on synthesis by the body.

3. Where does the absorption of most nutrients occur?

• A. Large intestine.
• B. Small intestine.
• C. Stomach.
• D. Mouth.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The absorption of most nutrients occurs in the small intestine. This is where digested food is broken down further and absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal walls. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, while the stomach mainly aids in digestion by breaking down food with gastric juices. The mouth is responsible for the initial mechanical breakdown of food through chewing and the enzymatic action of saliva, but absorption does not occur there.

4. What are the compounds in soy foods with estrogen-like activity examples of?

• A. Indispensable amino acids.
• B. Phytochemicals.
• C. Neurotransmitters.
• D. Metabolic by-products.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Phytochemicals. Phytochemicals in soy foods can mimic estrogen and may have health benefits. Indispensable amino acids are essential amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the nervous system. Metabolic by-products are substances produced during metabolism.

5. How is resistant starch digested in the colon?

• A. bacterial fermentation.
• B. pancreatic amylase.
• C. hydrochloric acid.
• D. villi and microvilli.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the colon, resistant starch is digested by bacterial fermentation. The correct answer is A. During this process, short-chain fatty acids are produced. Pancreatic amylase, as mentioned in choice B, is responsible for breaking down starch in the small intestine, not in the colon. Choice C, hydrochloric acid, functions in the stomach to aid in the digestion of proteins, not starch. Villi and microvilli, as stated in choice D, are structures in the small intestine that absorb nutrients; they do not participate in the digestion of resistant starch in the colon.

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