Nursing Elites

1. In the process of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce energy. What is the main waste product released?

• A. Water
• B. Carbon dioxide
• C. Oxygen
• D. Protein

Correct answer: B

Rationale: During cellular respiration, glucose undergoes a series of reactions in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. The main waste product released in this process is carbon dioxide, which is eliminated from the body through exhalation. While water is also produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is considered the primary waste product. Oxygen is not a waste product but is actually consumed during cellular respiration to aid in breaking down glucose. Protein is essential for various cellular functions but is not a waste product of cellular respiration; instead, proteins are broken down into amino acids for cellular processes.

2. What is the primary function of nervous tissue?

• A. Movement
• B. Protection
• C. Communication and coordination
• D. Nutrient transport

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of nervous tissue is communication and coordination within the body. Nervous tissue is composed of neurons that transmit electrical signals and supporting cells known as neuroglia. Movement is primarily controlled by the muscular system, protection is mainly provided by the skeletal system and immune system, and nutrient transport is carried out by the circulatory system. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the primary function of nervous tissue.

3. In the electron cloud model, electrons occupy specific energy levels around the nucleus with varying probabilities. This model depicts electrons existing in distinct energy levels, not fixed orbits, with probabilities of finding them in specific regions.

• A. 2 protons and 6 neutrons
• B. 2 filled s orbitals and 6 filled p orbitals
• C. 2s orbitals with 2 and 6 electrons, respectively
• D. 4 filled electron shells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The electron cloud model describes electrons existing in distinct energy levels, not fixed orbits. Option C correctly describes the electron configuration of an atom with 2s orbitals containing 2 electrons and 6 electrons in the 2p orbitals. This configuration aligns with the electron cloud model where electrons are found in specific energy levels with varying probabilities. Options A, B, and D do not accurately represent the electron cloud model.

4. Which hormone, produced by the pineal gland, plays a role in regulating sleep-wake cycles and is often associated with the body's internal circadian rhythm?

• A. Melatonin
• B. Serotonin
• C. Dopamine
• D. Endorphin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Melatonin is the hormone produced by the pineal gland that plays a crucial role in regulating sleep-wake cycles and is associated with the body's internal circadian rhythm. Melatonin levels typically rise in the evening, signaling to the body that it is time to sleep, and decrease in the morning, helping to wake up and feel alert. Serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins are neurotransmitters that serve different functions in the body and are not primarily responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles. Serotonin is involved in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep. Dopamine plays a role in reward-motivated behavior and motor control. Endorphins are involved in pain regulation and are often referred to as the body's natural painkillers.

5. What is the process of breaking down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol called?

• A. Lipolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Krebs cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - Lipolysis is indeed the correct answer. It is the process of breaking down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol. This process occurs in adipose tissue and is important for releasing stored energy in the form of fatty acids. - Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol, not breaking down lipids. - The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. - Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced through the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain. It is not specifically related to the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

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