Nursing Elites

1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentence: Enzymes are ________ molecules that serve as _______ for certain biological reactions.

• A. complex; suppressors
• B. acidic; triggers
• C. small; targets
• D. large; catalysts

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Enzymes are large molecules that act as catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur. In the context of biological reactions, enzymes function as catalysts, not suppressors, triggers, or targets. The use of 'large' and 'catalysts' accurately describes the nature and role of enzymes in facilitating biological processes.

2. If an atom has 32 neutrons, 17 protons, and 19 electrons, what is its charge?

• A. Positive
• B. Negative
• C. Neutral
• D. Cannot be determined

Correct answer: A

Rationale: An atom's charge is determined by the difference between the number of protons and electrons. Since the atom has 17 protons and 19 electrons, the net charge is positive. The excess of two electrons compared to protons results in a positive charge. Choice B (Negative) is incorrect because the atom has more protons than electrons, leading to a positive charge. Choice C (Neutral) is incorrect because the atom has an imbalance between protons and electrons, resulting in a charge. Choice D (Cannot be determined) is incorrect as the charge can be determined based on the given information.

3. Why do emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose a significant public health threat?

• A. Because they are well-understood by medical professionals
• B. Because they are easily treatable with existing antibiotics
• C. Because they are new, rapidly evolving, and can spread quickly
• D. Because they primarily affect animals and not humans

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a significant public health threat because they are characterized by being new or newly identified diseases that are rapidly evolving. These diseases can spread quickly within populations due to factors such as globalization, travel, urbanization, and changes in climate. EIDs often present challenges to medical professionals as they may not be well-understood initially, making it difficult to develop effective treatments or preventive measures. While some EIDs can be treatable with existing antibiotics, the rapid evolution of these diseases can lead to the development of drug resistance, further complicating treatment efforts. Additionally, EIDs are not limited to affecting animals; they can also have serious implications for human health and well-being. Therefore, the correct answer is that EIDs pose a threat because they are new, rapidly evolving, and can spread quickly. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because EIDs are not well-understood initially, may develop drug resistance, and can affect humans significantly, not just animals.

4. Which type of nutrient requires the most complex and lengthy digestion process?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Proteins
• C. Fats
• D. Vitamins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Proteins require the most complex and lengthy digestion process compared to the other nutrient types provided. When proteins are consumed, they undergo a process where they need to be broken down into amino acids, which are essential building blocks of proteins. This intricate digestion process begins in the stomach aided by stomach acid and enzymes, proceeds to the small intestine where further enzymes break down proteins into amino acids, and concludes with the absorption of these amino acids into the bloodstream for various bodily functions. Carbohydrates and fats also require digestion, but the process for breaking down proteins into amino acids is notably more intricate and time-consuming. In contrast, vitamins do not require digestion in the same manner as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats because they are already in a form that can be readily absorbed by the body.

5. Bile, stored in the gallbladder, aids in the digestion of which nutrient?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Proteins
• C. Fats
• D. Vitamins

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aids in the digestion of fats. Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets to increase the efficiency of fat digestion by enzymes like lipase. This process enhances the absorption of fats in the small intestine, facilitating the body's utilization of essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Carbohydrates are primarily broken down by enzymes like amylase, proteins by pepsin and other proteases, and vitamins have varying digestion and absorption processes, which do not involve bile. Therefore, the correct answer is fats as they are directly influenced by bile in the digestion process.

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