Nursing Elites

1. During vigorous exercise, why does the respiratory rate increase?

• A. Meet the increased demand for oxygen in working muscles
• B. Eliminate excess carbon dioxide more slowly
• C. Conserve energy for physical activity
• D. Decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the body

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During vigorous exercise, the muscles require more oxygen to produce energy for physical activity. The increased respiratory rate helps to deliver more oxygen to the working muscles to meet this demand. This process is essential for sustaining physical activity and preventing fatigue. Choice A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the purpose of the increased respiratory rate during vigorous exercise. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Choice B, 'Eliminate excess carbon dioxide more slowly,' is inaccurate as the primary reason for the increased respiratory rate during exercise is to meet the increased demand for oxygen, not to eliminate carbon dioxide. Choice C, 'Conserve energy for physical activity,' is incorrect because increasing the respiratory rate actually expends energy to meet the oxygen demand of the working muscles. Choice D, 'Decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the body,' is incorrect as the increased respiratory rate is specifically to deliver more oxygen to the body during exercise.

2. Which organelle is responsible for carrying out photosynthesis in plant cells?

• A. Golgi apparatus
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Chloroplasts
• D. Lysosomes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or for use within the cell. It is not involved in photosynthesis. B) Mitochondria: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They are not involved in photosynthesis. C) Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for carrying out photosynthesis in plant cells. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy in the form of glucose. D) Lysosomes: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. They are not involved in photosynthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Chloroplasts, as they are specifically responsible for carrying out photosynthesis in plant

3. What cells compose the epidermis?

• A. Keratinocytes
• B. Epithelial cells
• C. Fibroblasts
• D. Melanocytes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A - Keratinocytes. The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes, which are a type of epithelial cell. Keratinocytes synthesize the protein keratin, providing protection against physical damage and water loss. While epithelial cells are correct, specifying keratinocytes is more precise. Fibroblasts are not the main cell type in the epidermis; they are found in the dermis, where they produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components. Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin pigment in the skin and are also present in the epidermis, but they are not the predominant cell type like keratinocytes.

4. Dysentery is an infectious disease caused by which type of microbe?

• A. Helminth
• B. Bacteria
• C. Protozoan
• D. Fungus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bacteria. Dysentery is typically caused by bacterial infections, such as Shigella, Campylobacter, or Escherichia coli. While parasites and protozoa can also cause similar symptoms, bacterial infections are the most common causes of dysentery. Choice A (Helminth) is incorrect as helminths are parasitic worms that typically cause different types of infections. Choice C (Protozoan) is incorrect as some protozoa like Entamoeba histolytica can cause dysentery, but bacterial infections are more common. Choice D (Fungus) is incorrect as fungal infections do not typically cause dysentery.

5. During embryonic development, all tissues originate from

• A. Epithelial tissue only
• B. Muscle tissue only
• C. Connective tissue only
• D. Embryonic germ layers

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During embryonic development, all tissues originate from the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These germ layers give rise to various tissues and organs in the developing embryo through a process called gastrulation. Epithelial, muscle, and connective tissues are derived from these germ layers during development. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as tissues do not originate from a single type of tissue but rather from the embryonic germ layers which differentiate into various tissues and organs.

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