Nursing Elites

1. Acids are generally characterized by a sour taste and the ability to:

• A. Turn litmus paper red
• B. Conduct electricity in solution
• C. Neutralize bases
• D. React explosively with metals

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Acids are known for their sour taste and their ability to neutralize bases, which is a defining characteristic of their acidic nature. When acids neutralize bases, salts and water are formed, highlighting the unique property of acids. The other options are incorrect: Option A, 'Turn litmus paper red,' is a test for acidity but not a defining characteristic of acids; Option B, 'Conduct electricity in solution,' pertains to the electrolytic properties of acids rather than their defining trait; Option D, 'React explosively with metals,' is not a general characteristic of acids. Therefore, the correct feature associated with acids is their capability to neutralize bases, making option C, 'Neutralize bases,' the correct answer.

2. Which organelle is responsible for breaking down macromolecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, into their smaller building blocks?

• A. Golgi apparatus
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Lysosomes
• D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, into their smaller building blocks. These enzymes help in the process of intracellular digestion and recycling of cellular components. The Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins for secretion or for use within the cell. Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. Therefore, the correct answer is 'C: Lysosomes' as they specifically function in the breakdown of macromolecules into smaller components, distinguishing them from the other organelles mentioned.

3. Which of the following layers of the skin does not contain blood vessels?

• A. Hypodermis
• B. Dermis
• C. Epidermis
• D. Hyperdermis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels. It receives nutrients through diffusion from the underlying dermis. The hypodermis is the subcutaneous tissue beneath the dermis and contains blood vessels. The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, which contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands. 'Hyperdermis' is not a correct anatomical term and is not a layer of the skin, making it an incorrect choice for this question.

4. Which neuromuscular system controls voluntary movement?

• A. Autonomic
• B. Somatic
• C. Sympathetic
• D. Parasympathetic

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Somatic. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. It is responsible for carrying sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The autonomic nervous system (choice A) controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion. The sympathetic (choice C) and parasympathetic (choice D) nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response and rest-and-digest functions, respectively.

5. Why are elements in Group 18 (Noble gases) generally unreactive?

• A. They have high atomic masses
• B. They lack valence electrons
• C. Their outermost electron shells are completely filled
• D. They exist as single atoms, not molecules

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Elements in Group 18 (Noble gases) are generally unreactive because their outermost electron shells are completely filled. This results in high stability and low reactivity since they have achieved a full valence shell configuration, making them less likely to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms. The full valence shell configuration leads to a minimal tendency for these elements to form chemical bonds, hence exhibiting low reactivity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because high atomic masses, lack of valence electrons, and existing as single atoms do not directly contribute to the unreactivity of noble gases. It is the full valence shell configuration that is the primary reason for their inert nature.

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