Nursing Elites

1. A vegetarian diet that includes dairy foods and eggs is known as:

• A. lactovegetarian.
• B. vegan.
• C. semi-vegetarian.
• D. ovolactovegetarian.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct term for a vegetarian diet that includes both dairy foods and eggs is 'ovolactovegetarian.' This term specifically indicates the inclusion of eggs ('ovo') and dairy ('lacto') in the diet. Choice A, 'lactovegetarian,' is incorrect because it only includes dairy products without eggs. Choice B, 'vegan,' is incorrect as it excludes all animal products, including dairy and eggs. Choice C, 'semi-vegetarian,' is incorrect as it is a term used for individuals who occasionally eat meat, poultry, or fish but primarily follow a plant-based diet.

2. In a low-carbohydrate diet, most of the calories are supplied by:

• A. proteins.
• B. fats.
• C. carbohydrates.
• D. vitamins.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a low-carbohydrate diet, fats become the primary source of calories as carbohydrate intake is restricted. Proteins can contribute to caloric intake but are not the primary source in a low-carbohydrate diet. Carbohydrates are intentionally limited in this diet, so they do not supply most of the calories. Vitamins are essential nutrients but do not provide calories.

3. How many kilocalories are provided by 15 grams of protein?

• A. 15
• B. 45
• C. 60
• D. 135

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Protein provides 4 kcal per gram. Therefore, 15 grams of protein will provide 15 grams x 4 kcal/gram = 60 kcal. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not consider the caloric value of protein correctly.

4. Which chain length of fatty acids is most water-soluble and easily absorbed into the bloodstream?

• A. Very long.
• B. Long.
• C. Medium.
• D. Short.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Short-chain fatty acids are the most water-soluble and are more easily absorbed into the bloodstream. Very long, long, and medium-chain fatty acids are less water-soluble and are absorbed at a slower rate compared to short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

5. The sugar to which all other sugars are converted during human metabolism is:

• A. sucrose
• B. fructose
• C. glucose
• D. maltose

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Glucose is the primary sugar used by the body for energy and is converted from other sugars during metabolism. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, not the end product of sugar metabolism. Fructose is a simple sugar found in fruits but needs to be converted to glucose for cellular energy. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose units and is not the final product of sugar metabolism in humans.

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