Nursing Elites

1. Which type of cell has a nucleus but lacks membrane-bound organelles?

• A. Plant cell
• B. Prokaryotic cell
• C. Animal cell
• D. Fungal cell

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having a nucleus that is not enclosed within a membrane (nuclear envelope) and lacking membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Plant, animal, and fungal cells are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope and contain membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, options A, C, and D are incorrect as they all represent eukaryotic cells that possess membrane-bound organelles.

2. What is the function of the esophagus in the digestive system?

• A. To absorb nutrients
• B. To transport food from the mouth to the stomach
• C. To break down food
• D. To absorb water

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The esophagus functions to transport food from the mouth to the stomach through a process called peristalsis, which involves a series of muscle contractions that push the food downward along the digestive tract. Absorbing nutrients (Choice A) is typically done in the small intestine, breaking down food (Choice C) is primarily the role of the stomach and small intestine, and absorbing water (Choice D) mainly occurs in the large intestine.

3. Which types of molecules can move through a cell membrane by passive transport?

• A. Complex sugars
• B. Non-lipid soluble molecules
• C. Oxygen
• D. Molecules moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxygen. Small, non-polar molecules like oxygen can easily pass through the cell membrane by passive transport as they move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy input. Complex sugars (choice A) are typically too large to pass through the membrane by passive transport. Non-lipid soluble molecules (choice B) may require active transport mechanisms. Choice D describes active transport, where molecules move against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input.

4. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

• A. Dissolving sugar in water
• B. Boiling water
• C. Rusting iron
• D. Crushing ice

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rusting iron is an example of a chemical change because it involves a chemical reaction where iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of water to form iron oxide (rust). This reaction results in a change in the chemical composition of the iron, unlike dissolving sugar in water, boiling water, or crushing ice, which are physical changes. Dissolving sugar in water is a physical change as sugar molecules remain unchanged but disperse in water. Boiling water is also a physical change as water changes its state from liquid to gas due to heat. Crushing ice is a physical change as the solid ice changes its physical form without altering its chemical composition.

5. Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movements?

• A. Medulla oblongata
• B. Cerebellum
• C. Thalamus
• D. Hypothalamus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movements. It plays a crucial role in motor control, helping to maintain balance, posture, and coordination of voluntary movements. The medulla oblongata is involved in regulating basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate. The thalamus serves as a relay center for sensory information, while the hypothalamus is primarily involved in regulating various physiological processes like body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Hence, the correct answer is the cerebellum as it is specifically associated with voluntary muscle coordination, unlike the other brain regions listed.

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