Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following structures in the cell is responsible for producing ATP?

• A. Ribosome
• B. Nucleus
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell through cellular respiration. Ribosomes (Choice A) are involved in protein synthesis, the nucleus (Choice B) stores genetic material and controls cell activities, and the endoplasmic reticulum (Choice D) plays a role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification, but none of these structures are directly responsible for producing ATP.

2. What is the process of combining two or more substances to form a heterogeneous mixture called?

• A. Dissolving
• B. Diluting
• C. Mixing
• D. Reacting

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Mixing.' When substances are combined, a heterogeneous mixture is formed where the components are physically distinguishable. 'Dissolving' (Choice A) is the process of a solute becoming uniformly dispersed in a solvent to form a solution, not a heterogeneous mixture. 'Diluting' (Choice B) refers to reducing the concentration of a solute in a solution. 'Reacting' (Choice D) involves a chemical change where substances interact to form new products, rather than just physically mixing to form a heterogeneous mixture.

3. Where does fertilization, the fusion of sperm and egg, typically occur in the human body?

• A. Ovary
• B. Uterus
• C. Fallopian tube
• D. Vagina

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube. This is where the sperm and egg meet and fuse to form a zygote. The fallopian tube provides the optimal environment for fertilization as it helps in the transportation of the egg and provides a suitable site for fertilization before the resulting embryo travels to the uterus for implantation. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. The ovary is where eggs are produced, the uterus is where the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus, and the vagina is the canal that leads to the cervix, but fertilization itself does not occur in these locations.

4. Elements tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve stable electron configurations like those of noble gases. Their group number often indicates the number of electrons gained/lost and the resulting ionic charge, providing a good starting point for prediction.

• A. Ionic bonds involve electron sharing, while metallic bonds involve electron transfer.
• B. Ionic bonds are weak and directional, while metallic bonds are strong and non-directional.
• C. Ionic bonds exist between metals and non-metals, while metallic bonds exist only between metals.
• D. Ionic bonds form discrete molecules, while metallic bonds form extended structures.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Ionic bonds typically form between metals and non-metals, where one atom donates electrons (cation) and the other accepts electrons (anion). This results in the transfer of electrons. Metallic bonds, on the other hand, occur between metal atoms where electrons are shared among a sea of delocalized electrons, leading to the characteristic properties of metals like malleability and conductivity. Choice A is incorrect because ionic bonds involve electron transfer, not sharing. Choice B is incorrect as ionic bonds are strong, not weak, and are non-directional, while metallic bonds are strong and non-directional. Choice D is incorrect as ionic bonds do not form discrete molecules but rather a lattice structure, whereas metallic bonds form extended structures.

5. Which hormones are responsible for stimulating the development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics during puberty?

• A. Growth hormone
• B. Testosterone (in males) and Estrogen (in females)
• C. Insulin
• D. Thyroid hormone

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Testosterone and estrogen are the primary sex hormones responsible for the development of male and female sex organs, respectively, and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Growth hormone, insulin, and thyroid hormone do not directly influence the development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics during puberty. Growth hormone primarily regulates growth and metabolism, insulin regulates blood sugar levels, and thyroid hormone controls metabolism and energy levels. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect for this question.

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