Nursing Elites

1. Which muscle has involuntary cells that are branched and striated and connected by intercalated discs with gap junctions?

• A. Smooth muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Epithelial muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle cells fit the description provided in the question; they are involuntary, striated, and branched, with intercalated discs containing gap junctions that allow for synchronized contractions of the heart. Smooth muscle (choice A) lacks striations and is found in the walls of internal organs. Skeletal muscle (choice C) is voluntary and attaches to bones for movement. 'Epithelial muscle' (choice D) is not a valid muscle type, making it an incorrect choice.

2. What is the role of the spleen in the body?

• A. To produce bile
• B. To filter blood and remove old red blood cells
• C. To produce red blood cells
• D. To store fat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The spleen acts as a blood filter, removing old or damaged red blood cells. It also plays a role in immune responses, storing blood reserves, and helping to fight infection. The production of bile is primarily associated with the liver, not the spleen. While the bone marrow is responsible for red blood cell production, the spleen's main functions do not include this process. Storing fat is not a primary function of the spleen.

3. Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of a covalent bond?

• A. Sharing of electrons between atoms
• B. High melting and boiling points
• C. Low electrical conductivity in solid state
• D. Directional bonding

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, leading to the formation of molecules with directional bonding. This means that the atoms are held together in a specific orientation. Covalent compounds generally exhibit low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds due to the weaker intermolecular forces present in covalent compounds. Furthermore, covalent compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state because the electrons are localized between the atoms and are not free to move and carry charge. Hence, high melting and boiling points are not characteristic of covalent bonds. The correct answer is 'B' because high melting and boiling points are typically associated with ionic compounds due to their strong electrostatic interactions, while covalent compounds have lower melting and boiling points. Choices A, C, and D are all characteristics of covalent bonds, making them incorrect answers for this question.

4. What describes the change in direction of light when it passes through different mediums, such as air and water?

• A. Diffraction
• B. Reflection
• C. Refraction
• D. Dispersion

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Refraction is the change in direction of light as it moves from one medium to another, such as air to water or glass. This change occurs due to variations in the speed of light in each medium, causing the light rays to bend. When light passes through different mediums, it changes its path, a phenomenon known as refraction. Choice A, Diffraction, refers to the bending of waves around obstacles and the spreading of waves when passing through small openings, not the change in direction of light when moving between mediums. Choice B, Reflection, is the bouncing back of light rays from a surface into the same medium, not the change in direction when transitioning between different mediums. Choice D, Dispersion, involves the separation of light into its constituent colors based on their different wavelengths, not the change in direction of light when passing through different mediums.

5. What is the term for a group of organisms with the same genetic makeup?

• A. Population
• B. Clone
• C. Genotype
• D. Species

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In this context, a clone (option B) is a group of organisms that are genetically identical because they are derived from a single ancestor. A population (option A) refers to a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. Genotype (option C) refers to the genetic makeup of an individual organism. Species (option D) refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Therefore, the most appropriate choice for the question is 'Clone,' as it specifically refers to organisms with the same genetic makeup.

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