Nursing Elites

1. What scientific term encompasses a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence?

• A. Trait
• B. Mutation
• C. Allele
• D. Variation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Trait: A trait is a characteristic or feature of an organism that is determined by its genes. B) Mutation: A mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that can result from errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagens, or other factors. C) Allele: An allele is a variant form of a gene that can result in different traits or characteristics. D) Variation: Variation refers to the differences in traits or characteristics among individuals of the same species, which can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In this context, the term that specifically refers to a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence is "mutation."

2. Which of the following is directly transcribed from DNA and represents the first step in protein synthesis?

• A. siRNA
• B. rRNA
• C. mRNA
• D. tRNA

Correct answer: C

Rationale: mRNA (messenger RNA) is directly transcribed from DNA in the nucleus during the process of transcription. It serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation in the cytoplasm. mRNA carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Thus, mRNA represents the first step in protein synthesis as it carries the code from the DNA to be translated into a protein. Choice A, siRNA (small interfering RNA), is involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing and does not play a role in protein synthesis. Choice B, rRNA (ribosomal RNA), is a component of the ribosome and plays a structural and functional role in protein synthesis but is not directly transcribed from DNA. Choice D, tRNA (transfer RNA), is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis but is not directly transcribed from DNA.

3. Which property of a wave is responsible for determining its energy?

• A. Amplitude
• B. Wavelength
• C. Frequency
• D. Velocity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Frequency. The energy of a wave is determined by its frequency, not its amplitude, wavelength, or velocity. According to the equation E = h*f, where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, and f is frequency, the energy of a wave is directly proportional to its frequency. Higher frequency waves carry more energy, while lower frequency waves carry less energy. Therefore, frequency plays a crucial role in determining the energy content of a wave, making it the correct choice in this context.

4. In a scientific investigation, what is the first step?

• A. Analysis of results
• B. Drawing conclusions
• C. Formation of hypothesis
• D. Performing the experiment

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Formation of hypothesis. In a scientific investigation, forming a hypothesis is the initial step. A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction based on existing knowledge and observations. It helps guide the experiment and provides a direction for the research process. Without a hypothesis, there is no specific aim or goal for the experiment. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they occur after the formation of a hypothesis. Analysis of results and drawing conclusions typically come after the experiment has been conducted, while performing the experiment is done to test the hypothesis formed at the beginning of the investigation.

5. What does the P-wave in an ECG correspond to?

• A. Atrial repolarization
• B. Depolarization of SA node
• C. Ventricular depolarization
• D. Ventricular repolarization

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The P-wave in an ECG represents the depolarization of the SA node and the atria, not atrial repolarization. Choice C, ventricular depolarization, is incorrect because the P-wave does not correspond to ventricular activity. Choice D, ventricular repolarization, is also incorrect as the P-wave does not depict ventricular repolarization. The correct interpretation is that the P-wave signifies the initiation of the electrical impulse at the SA node and subsequent atrial depolarization, making option B the correct answer.

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