Nursing Elites

1. What is the formula to calculate gravitational potential energy near the Earth's surface?

• A. Potential Energy = Mass × Acceleration
• B. Potential Energy = Force × Distance
• C. Potential Energy = Mass × Height × Gravity
• D. Potential Energy = Mass × Acceleration due to gravity × Height

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct formula to calculate gravitational potential energy near the Earth's surface is Potential Energy = Mass × Acceleration due to gravity × Height. This formula considers the mass of the object, the specific acceleration due to gravity near the Earth's surface (approximately 9.81 m/s^2), and the vertical distance from the reference point. Choice A is incorrect as it does not include height in the formula. Choice B is incorrect as it involves force instead of acceleration due to gravity. Choice C is incorrect as it multiplies mass, height, and gravity, missing the actual acceleration due to gravity term.

2. Describe the mechanism by which genes are transmitted from parents to offspring.

• A. Blending of parental genes, resulting in an average of their traits.
• B. Random assortment of alleles during meiosis, leading to unique combinations in each offspring.
• C. Inheritance of solely dominant alleles, masking the influence of recessive ones.
• D. Direct transfer of both parental genomes, creating identical copies of the parents.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Blending of parental genes, resulting in an average of their traits, is not an accurate description of how genes are transmitted. In reality, genes are not blended but rather passed down in discrete units. B) Random assortment of alleles during meiosis is the correct mechanism by which genes are transmitted from parents to offspring. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, and alleles are randomly distributed to the gametes, leading to unique combinations of genes in each offspring. C) Inheritance of solely dominant alleles, masking the influence of recessive ones, is not an accurate representation of gene transmission. Offspring inherit alleles from both parents, and the expression of dominant or recessive traits depends on the specific combination of alleles. D) Direct transfer of both parental genomes, creating identical copies of the parents, is not how genes are transmitted. Offspring inherit a unique combination

3. Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

• A. Absorption of water
• B. Production of vitamin K
• C. Production of vitamin B
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' The large intestine performs various functions, including the absorption of water, production of vitamin K, and production of some B vitamins. Water absorption is a crucial function of the large intestine, helping to concentrate waste material into feces. Additionally, the large intestine hosts beneficial bacteria that produce vitamin K and some B vitamins, which are absorbed into the body. Choices A, B, and C individually represent specific functions of the large intestine, while choice D correctly encompasses all these functions, making it the most comprehensive and accurate answer.

4. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that can directly cause evolution by natural selection?

• A. Mutations in genes
• B. Differential survival and reproduction based on traits
• C. Inheritance of acquired characteristics (like strong muscles from working out)
• D. Competition for resources in an environment

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Mutations in genes can introduce new genetic variations into a population, which can be acted upon by natural selection. B) Differential survival and reproduction based on traits is a key component of natural selection, as individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation. C) Inheritance of acquired characteristics, also known as Lamarckism, is not a mechanism of evolution by natural selection. Traits acquired during an individual's lifetime (such as strong muscles from working out) are not passed on to offspring. D) Competition for resources in an environment can drive natural selection by favoring individuals with traits that help them better compete for limited resources. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Inheritance of acquired characteristics (like strong muscles from working out), as it is not a mechanism that can directly cause evolution by natural selection.

5. What is the purpose of genetic counseling?

• A. To treat genetic disorders.
• B. To diagnose genetic diseases in newborns.
• C. To provide information and support to individuals and families with genetic risks.
• D. To collect DNA samples for research purposes.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The purpose of genetic counseling is to provide information and support to individuals and families with genetic risks. Genetic counselors aim to explain the implications of genetic testing, discuss risks and options, and offer emotional and psychological support to help individuals make informed decisions regarding their genetic health. Choice A is incorrect because genetic counseling is not focused on treatment but rather on providing information and support. Choice B is incorrect as genetic counselors do not primarily diagnose genetic diseases in newborns but rather provide guidance and support based on existing diagnoses. Choice D is not the purpose of genetic counseling; genetic counselors do not collect DNA samples for research purposes but instead focus on assisting individuals and families in understanding and managing their genetic risks.

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