Nursing Elites

1. During exercise, oxygen is used to convert glucose into energy for muscles. This process is called:

• A. Aerobic respiration
• B. Anaerobic respiration
• C. Glycolysis
• D. Lactic acid fermentation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to convert glucose into energy. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is the most efficient way to produce energy during exercise. Anaerobic respiration and glycolysis are alternative pathways for energy production when oxygen is limited, typically occurring during high-intensity exercise. Lactic acid fermentation, on the other hand, occurs in the absence of oxygen and leads to the production of lactic acid, causing muscle fatigue and soreness.

2. Which of the following describes the path through which air moves during inhalation?

• A. mouth/nose > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
• B. bronchioles > alveoli > bronchi > larynx > pharynx > lungs
• C. mouth/nose > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli > lungs > trachea
• D. alveoli > bronchioles > lungs > bronchi > trachea > larynx > pharynx > mouth/nose

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct path through which air moves during inhalation is from the mouth/nose > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli. This sequence accurately represents the typical route air takes as it travels from the external environment into the lungs to facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli. Choice B is incorrect as it reverses the order of bronchioles and alveoli. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with mouth/nose but then incorrectly lists lungs before trachea. Choice D is incorrect as it reverses the entire sequence of the respiratory pathway, starting with alveoli instead of mouth/nose.

3. When animals eat, insulin is released from the pancreas, stimulating glucose uptake by the liver. When glucose levels drop, the pancreas reduces insulin release. This is an example of which mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?

• A. Negative feedback.
• B. Positive feedback.
• C. Stress response.
• D. Parasympathetic regulation.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: This mechanism is an example of negative feedback. Negative feedback systems work to counteract changes in the body and maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis). In this case, the release of insulin in response to high glucose levels is followed by a reduction in insulin release when glucose levels drop. This response helps regulate glucose levels and return them to a normal range, demonstrating the characteristic of negative feedback where the body's response opposes the initial stimulus to maintain equilibrium. Positive feedback would amplify the initial change rather than counteract it, so it is not the correct choice. Stress response and parasympathetic regulation are not directly involved in this glucose regulation process, making them incorrect choices.

4. Which of the following nutrients is correctly matched with its foundational components?

• A. Carbohydrates are formed when glucose molecules bond together.
• B. Lipids consist of fatty acids and glycerol.
• C. Nucleic acids consist of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups.
• D. Proteins consist of strings of amino acids.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Proteins consist of strings of amino acids. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins, and they are linked together in a specific sequence to form a protein structure. This is a correct match between the nutrient (proteins) and its foundational components (amino acids). Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately match the foundational components of the respective nutrients. Carbohydrates are not formed by glucose molecules bonding together; they are made up of sugar molecules. Lipids consist of fatty acids and glycerol, but they are not nutrients typically associated with bonding for formation. Nucleic acids do consist of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups, but they are not the correct match for the question.

5. What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)?

• A. H2SO4 + KOH → K2SO4 + H2O
• B. 2H2SO4 + 2KOH → 2K2SO4 + 2H2O
• C. H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
• D. H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + H2O

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When sulfuric acid (H2SO4) reacts with potassium hydroxide (KOH), it forms potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and water (H2O). To balance the equation, 2 KOH molecules are required to react with 1 H2SO4 molecule, resulting in 1 K2SO4 molecule and 2 H2O molecules. Therefore, the balanced chemical equation is H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O, which corresponds to option C. Choice A is incorrect because it does not account for the correct stoichiometry between the reactants and products. Choice B incorrectly doubles all the molecules in the reaction, leading to an unbalanced equation. Choice D incorrectly balances the equation with 1 KOH molecule instead of the required 2 KOH molecules, making it unbalanced. Thus, option C is the correct balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide.

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