Nursing Elites

1. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of:

• A. Convergent evolution
• B. Divergent evolution
• C. Microevolution
• D. Macroevolution

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a classic example of microevolution (option C). Microevolution refers to changes in allele frequencies within a population over a relatively short period of time. In the case of antibiotic resistance, bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics through the natural selection of pre-existing resistant strains. This process does not involve the formation of new species or higher taxonomic groups, which are associated with macroevolution (option D). Convergent evolution (option A) involves different species independently evolving similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures, which is not the case with antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Divergent evolution (option B) refers to related species becoming more dissimilar over time, which also does not apply to the scenario of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

2. What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)?

• A. H2SO4 + KOH → K2SO4 + H2O
• B. 2H2SO4 + 2KOH → 2K2SO4 + 2H2O
• C. H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
• D. H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + H2O

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When sulfuric acid (H2SO4) reacts with potassium hydroxide (KOH), it forms potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and water (H2O). To balance the equation, 2 KOH molecules are required to react with 1 H2SO4 molecule, resulting in 1 K2SO4 molecule and 2 H2O molecules. Therefore, the balanced chemical equation is H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O, which corresponds to option C. Choice A is incorrect because it does not account for the correct stoichiometry between the reactants and products. Choice B incorrectly doubles all the molecules in the reaction, leading to an unbalanced equation. Choice D incorrectly balances the equation with 1 KOH molecule instead of the required 2 KOH molecules, making it unbalanced. Thus, option C is the correct balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide.

3. Which part of the neuron insulates and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses along the axon?

• A. Dendrite
• B. Myelin sheath
• C. Synapse
• D. Cell body

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that surrounds the axon of a neuron, providing insulation and speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses. This insulation helps prevent the loss of electrical signals as they travel along the axon, allowing for faster and more efficient communication within the nervous system. Dendrites are branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons, the synapse is the junction between two neurons where communication occurs, and the cell body contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron, but none of these structures provide insulation for the transmission of nerve impulses along the axon.

4. Which of the following structures in the cell is responsible for producing ATP?

• A. Ribosome
• B. Nucleus
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell through cellular respiration. Ribosomes (Choice A) are involved in protein synthesis, the nucleus (Choice B) stores genetic material and controls cell activities, and the endoplasmic reticulum (Choice D) plays a role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification, but none of these structures are directly responsible for producing ATP.

5. What is a temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow to the brain called?

• A. Stroke
• B. Seizure
• C. Syncope (fainting)
• D. Coma

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Syncope, also known as fainting, is a temporary loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood flow to the brain. It results from a brief interruption in the brain's blood supply, leading to a temporary loss of consciousness. The correct answer is C. A stroke, option A, is caused by a blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain, not insufficient blood flow. Seizure, option B, involves a sudden surge of electrical brain activity, not reduced blood flow. Coma, option D, is characterized by prolonged unconsciousness, not a temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow.

Similar Questions