Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following processes produces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) for the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?

• A. Electron transport chain
• B. Glycolysis
• C. Citric acid cycle (the Krebs cycle)
• D. None of these

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the citric acid cycle (the Krebs cycle). This cycle generates NADH and FADH2, which play a crucial role in providing electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. Choice A, the electron transport chain itself, is where NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons, not where they are produced. Choice B, glycolysis, produces NADH but not FADH2. Choice D, 'None of these,' is incorrect as the citric acid cycle specifically produces NADH and FADH2.

2. Protein synthesis begins with a process known as transcription. What is produced during this process?

• A. A codon
• B. A DNA helix
• C. A DNA strand
• D. An RNA strand

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: An RNA strand. During transcription, the DNA template is used to produce an RNA strand, not a codon, DNA helix, or another DNA strand. A codon is a sequence of nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid during translation, not produced during transcription. A DNA helix refers to the double-stranded structure of DNA, which is not produced during transcription. Another DNA strand is not produced during transcription since the process involves creating an RNA copy of a specific gene.

3. Which of the following organelles is known as the cell's digestion center?

• A. Chloroplasts
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Lysosomes
• D. Ribosomes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lysosomes. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris within the cell, making them the cell's digestion center. Choice A, Chloroplasts, are responsible for photosynthesis. Choice B, Mitochondria, are the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy. Choice D, Ribosomes, are involved in protein synthesis. Therefore, Lysosomes are specifically known for their role in digestion within the cell.

4. Who discovered the basic principles of genetics using garden peas?

• A. Curie
• B. Mendel
• C. Hawking
• D. Galileo

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Mendel. Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics for his groundbreaking work with pea plants. He discovered the basic principles of heredity through his experiments, establishing the foundation of modern genetics. Choice A, Curie, is incorrect as Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist known for her pioneering research on radioactivity. Choice C, Hawking, is incorrect as Stephen Hawking was a theoretical physicist known for his work on black holes and cosmology. Choice D, Galileo, is incorrect as Galileo Galilei was an astronomer and physicist renowned for his contributions to the scientific revolution, particularly in astronomy.

5. What is the composition of the cellular membrane?

• A. A bilayer of phospholipid molecules
• B. A single layer of phospholipid molecules
• C. Proteins that act as transport highways
• D. Carbohydrates

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The cellular membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules. These molecules have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail, creating a barrier that separates the internal cellular environment from the external surroundings. While proteins are embedded within this bilayer and act as transport channels, receptors, and structural support, carbohydrates are found on the outer surface of the membrane for cell recognition and signaling purposes. Therefore, the correct answer is a bilayer of phospholipid molecules.

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