Nursing Elites

1. Amniocentesis, a prenatal diagnostic test used to determine fetal sex, genetic anomalies, and biochemical abnormalities, is based on:

• A. The karyotyping of the amniotic fluid
• B. Chorionic villus sampling
• C. Umbilical cord blood sampling
• D. Ultrasound

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Amniocentesis involves the analysis of the fetal cells present in the amniotic fluid, which is extracted from the amniotic sac surrounding the developing fetus. This fluid contains cells shed by the fetus, which can be cultured and analyzed to obtain a karyotype, providing information about the fetal sex, genetic anomalies, and biochemical abnormalities. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because chorionic villus sampling involves obtaining a sample of the chorionic villi from the placenta, not the amniotic fluid; umbilical cord blood sampling is typically used for other purposes like assessing the baby's blood for infections or genetic disorders; and ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique that does not involve the analysis of fetal cells for genetic information.

2. Which of the following is a common presentation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome?

• A. Oligomenorrhea, obesity, and hirsutism
• B. Amenorrhea, generalized hair loss, and weight gain
• C. Repeated ectopic pregnancies and chronic pelvic pain
• D. Fatigue, body aches, and menorrhagia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Oligomenorrhea, obesity, and hirsutism. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) commonly presents with irregular periods (oligomenorrhea), obesity, and increased hair growth (hirsutism) due to hormonal imbalances. Choice B is incorrect as amenorrhea (absence of periods), generalized hair loss, and weight gain are not typical features of PCOS. Choice C is incorrect as repeated ectopic pregnancies and chronic pelvic pain are not characteristic of PCOS. Choice D is incorrect as fatigue, body aches, and menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding) are not primary symptoms seen in PCOS.

3. Expanded access to family planning is facilitated by the use of:

• A. The private sector and social marketing
• B. Community-based programs
• C. Information, Education, and Communication
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Expanded access to family planning is achieved through various means, including utilizing the private sector, employing social marketing strategies, implementing community-based programs, and emphasizing Information, Education, and Communication initiatives. Each of the options plays a crucial role in enhancing access to family planning services. Therefore, the correct answer is 'All of the above.' Option A focuses on involving the private sector and social marketing, which are essential components. Option B emphasizes community-based programs, which are another key aspect. Option C highlights the significance of Information, Education, and Communication in promoting family planning. As all these strategies are integral to expanding access to family planning, the most comprehensive answer is 'All of the above.'

4. The patient about to undergo gynecological surgery is put on nil by mouth for ____ before surgery to prevent aspiration.

• A. 2-4 hours
• B. 3-5 hours
• C. 4-6 hours
• D. 5-7 hours

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Patients undergoing gynecological surgery are typically advised to be nil by mouth for 4-6 hours before the procedure to reduce the risk of aspiration. This duration allows the stomach to empty its contents, decreasing the likelihood of regurgitation and aspiration of stomach contents during surgery. Choices A, B, and D have shorter durations and may not provide sufficient time for adequate gastric emptying, increasing the risk of aspiration.

5. Which of the following is a function of the placenta?

• A. The placenta secretes insulin.
• B. The placenta facilitates the exchange of gases and nutrients between mother and fetus.
• C. The placenta provides immunological protection to the fetus.
• D. The placenta stores fat-soluble vitamins for the fetus.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The placenta serves as a crucial organ during pregnancy, facilitating the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and nutrients (such as glucose and amino acids) between the mother and the developing fetus. This exchange is vital for the fetus's growth and development. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The placenta does not secrete insulin; insulin is produced by the pancreas. While the placenta provides some immune support to the fetus, its main role is not immunological protection. Additionally, storing fat-soluble vitamins is not a primary function of the placenta.

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