Nursing Elites

1. What is the most common cause of abortion in Zambia?

• A. Tuberculosis
• B. HIV
• C. Ascariasis
• D. Malaria

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Malaria is the most common cause of abortion in Zambia due to its significant impact on maternal health. Malaria can lead to severe complications during pregnancy, increasing the risk of spontaneous abortion. Tuberculosis (Choice A), HIV (Choice B), and Ascariasis (Choice C) are serious health conditions, but they are not typically identified as the primary cause of abortion in Zambia as malaria.

2. In Primary Health care, the concept of accessibility requires that:

• A. Patients should be required to accept one service in order to gain access to another type of service.
• B. A referral network, including transportation, to higher-level facilities should be coupled to PHC services.
• C. Patients' access to services should be contingent on social or cultural backgrounds, age, and marital status.
• D. Patients' access to services should be based on one's educational status.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In Primary Health care, accessibility entails having a referral network and transportation system in place to link patients to higher-level facilities when needed. Choice A is incorrect because patients should not be required to accept one service to access another. Choice C is incorrect as access to services should not be contingent on social or cultural backgrounds, age, or marital status. Choice D is also incorrect because educational status should not determine patients' access to healthcare services.

3. What does the umbilical cord contain?

• A. Pluripotent stem cells
• B. Cord blood stem cells
• C. Blood stem cells
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cord blood stem cells. The umbilical cord contains stem cells that are found in cord blood, known as cord blood stem cells. These stem cells have the potential to develop into various types of cells and are used in medical treatments. Pluripotent stem cells are typically found in embryos and have the ability to develop into any type of cell in the body, not specifically in the umbilical cord. Choice C, blood stem cells, is a vague term that does not specifically refer to the stem cells found in the umbilical cord. Choice D is incorrect as the umbilical cord does contain cord blood stem cells.

4. Which of the following is the description of a normal cervix on speculum examination in a non-pregnant woman of reproductive age?

• A. Bright red mucosa surrounding the cervical os, in turn surrounded by smooth, pink mucosa
• B. Pink mucosa with multiple small, fluid-filled protrusions
• C. Pink, glistening, smooth mucosa of the exocervix, with a small round or fish-mouthed cervical os
• D. Smooth, pink mucosa and a small, fleshy protrusion through the cervical os

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct description of a normal cervix on speculum examination in a non-pregnant woman of reproductive age is pink, glistening, smooth mucosa of the exocervix, with a small round or fish-mouthed cervical os. This appearance is characteristic of a healthy cervix. Choice A is incorrect as a bright red mucosa is not normal. Choice B is incorrect as multiple small, fluid-filled protrusions suggest a different condition. Choice D is incorrect as a fleshy protrusion through the cervical os is abnormal.

5. Lactational Amenorrhoea Method (LAM) is best for:

• A. Clients who do not wish to have any more children
• B. Clients with a baby less than 6 months postpartum
• C. Clients who want to wait before having a first or another child
• D. Clients with several sexual partners

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clients with a baby less than 6 months postpartum. Lactational Amenorrhoea Method (LAM) is a highly effective temporary family planning method that is recommended for women who have recently given birth and are breastfeeding. LAM works best when the baby is less than 6 months old, the mother is exclusively breastfeeding, and her menstrual periods have not resumed. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because LAM is specifically designed for postpartum women with infants less than 6 months old, focusing on the lactational infertility that occurs during exclusive breastfeeding.

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