Nursing Elites

1. Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Cardiovascular system

• A. The heart is displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, cardiac capacity increases, and blood pressure declines slightly.
• B. The heart is displaced downward and to the right, and blood pressure increases.
• C. The cardiovascular system remains unchanged during pregnancy.
• D. Cardiovascular changes include increased peripheral resistance and reduced cardiac output.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During pregnancy, the cardiovascular system undergoes changes such as the heart being displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, increased cardiac capacity, and a slight decline in blood pressure. Choice B is incorrect as the heart is displaced upwards, not downwards, and blood pressure typically decreases slightly. Choice C is incorrect as the cardiovascular system does undergo changes during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as cardiovascular changes in pregnancy involve increased cardiac output rather than reduced output.

2. Which of the following is a contraceptive?

• A. Copper T
• B. Condom
• C. Diaphragm
• D. All of these

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of these. Copper T, Condom, and Diaphragm are all examples of contraceptives used to prevent pregnancy. Copper T is an intrauterine device (IUD) that is placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Condoms are barrier contraceptives worn over the penis or inserted into the vagina to prevent sperm from reaching the egg. Diaphragms are also barrier contraceptives that cover the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. Therefore, all options listed (Copper T, Condom, Diaphragm) are indeed contraceptives, making 'All of these' the correct choice.

3. Amniocentesis, a prenatal diagnostic test used to determine fetal sex, genetic anomalies, and biochemical abnormalities, is based on:

• A. The karyotyping of the amniotic fluid
• B. Chorionic villus sampling
• C. Umbilical cord blood sampling
• D. Ultrasound

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Amniocentesis involves the analysis of the fetal cells present in the amniotic fluid, which is extracted from the amniotic sac surrounding the developing fetus. This fluid contains cells shed by the fetus, which can be cultured and analyzed to obtain a karyotype, providing information about the fetal sex, genetic anomalies, and biochemical abnormalities. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because chorionic villus sampling involves obtaining a sample of the chorionic villi from the placenta, not the amniotic fluid; umbilical cord blood sampling is typically used for other purposes like assessing the baby's blood for infections or genetic disorders; and ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique that does not involve the analysis of fetal cells for genetic information.

4. In Reproductive Health services, decision-making about RH matters is mostly done by:

• A. The Woman's parents
• B. The Man's parents
• C. The Husband
• D. The Wife

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In many societies, the husband often plays a significant role in decision-making about reproductive health matters, making choice C the correct answer. While the woman's parents might have some influence in certain cultures, the husband typically has a more direct role in such decisions. Choices A and B are less likely as the focus is on the immediate family unit rather than extended family members. Choice D, the wife, is less common in patriarchal societies where men usually have more authority in decision-making regarding reproductive health matters.

5. Treatment for condylomata acuminata includes the following EXCEPT:

• A. Vulvectomy
• B. Podophyllin application
• C. Laser therapy
• D. Electrocautery

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Vulvectomy is not a standard treatment for condylomata acuminata, which are genital warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Surgical removal of the vulva (vulvectomy) is an extreme measure and not typically indicated for treating this condition. Choices B, C, and D are valid treatments for condylomata acuminata. Podophyllin application, laser therapy, and electrocautery are commonly used to remove or destroy genital warts caused by HPV. These treatments aim to eliminate the visible warts and clear the infection.

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