Nursing Elites

1. Which type of bond involves the complete transfer of electrons between atoms?

• A. Covalent bond
• B. Ionic bond
• C. Metallic bond
• D. Hydrogen bond

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Ionic bond. Ionic bond involves the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of cations and anions. This transfer leads to the creation of strong electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds, on the other hand, involve the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve stability. Metallic bonds are formed in metals, where a sea of delocalized electrons surrounds positively charged metal ions, contributing to the metal's properties. Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular forces that occur between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen, not involving the complete transfer of electrons.

2. Most catalysts found in biological systems are which of the following?

• A. Special lipids called cofactors.
• B. Special proteins called enzymes.
• C. Special lipids called enzymes.
• D. Special proteins called cofactors.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Enzymes are special proteins that act as catalysts in biological systems. They accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes play a critical role in the regulation of metabolic pathways and are essential for various biological processes. While some enzymes may require cofactors for activity, the enzymes themselves are the catalysts in biological systems. Therefore, choice B, special proteins called enzymes, is the most suitable answer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because enzymes, not lipids, are the primary catalysts in biological systems.

3. Which type of joint allows for the widest range of motion, similar to the shoulder joint?

• A. Hinge joint
• B. Ball-and-socket joint
• C. Gliding joint
• D. Fixed joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ball-and-socket joint. Ball-and-socket joints, like the shoulder joint, allow for the widest range of motion in multiple directions. This type of joint consists of a rounded bone (the 'ball') fitting into a cup-like socket, enabling movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Choice A, Hinge joint, allows movement in one plane, like a door hinge, and does not offer the same range of motion as a ball-and-socket joint. Choice C, Gliding joint, permits limited motion in various directions but not as wide as a ball-and-socket joint. Choice D, Fixed joint, does not allow any motion as it is immovable, unlike the shoulder joint which is highly mobile.

4. What is the role of hemoglobin in the human body?

• A. Transport oxygen in red blood cells
• B. Bind oxygen to red blood cells
• C. Carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
• D. Help red blood cells transport oxygen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Help red blood cells transport oxygen.' Hemoglobin acts as a carrier molecule in red blood cells, binding to oxygen in the lungs and releasing it in the tissues. It facilitates the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and aids in returning carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because hemoglobin itself does not transport oxygen independently or bind oxygen to red blood cells nor does it carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs; instead, it assists red blood cells in the transportation of oxygen.

5. Which skin condition is characterized by red, itchy, and inflamed patches?

• A. Eczema
• B. Psoriasis
• C. Melanoma
• D. Keloid

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Eczema is a skin condition characterized by red, itchy, and inflamed patches. It is a common condition that can vary in severity and often presents with symptoms such as dry, scaly skin, and sometimes oozing or crusting. Psoriasis, on the other hand, presents with red, scaly patches but is not typically described as itchy. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer characterized by the development of abnormal moles, while keloid is a type of raised scar that can occur after an injury to the skin. Therefore, the correct answer is eczema due to its specific symptom presentation of red, itchy, and inflamed patches.

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