Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between a homozygous recessive genotype and a homozygous dominant genotype?

• A. Both have the same phenotype, but different genotypes.
• B. Both have the same genotype, but different phenotypes.
• C. Homozygous recessive has two dominant alleles, while homozygous dominant has two recessive alleles.
• D. Homozygous recessive has two identical recessive alleles, while homozygous dominant has two identical dominant alleles.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: - Homozygous recessive genotype refers to an individual having two identical recessive alleles for a particular gene (e.g., rr for a trait where r represents the recessive allele). - Homozygous dominant genotype refers to an individual having two identical dominant alleles for a particular gene (e.g., RR for a trait where R represents the dominant allele). - The difference between the two genotypes lies in the specific alleles present in each case, with homozygous recessive having two recessive alleles and homozygous dominant having two dominant alleles. - This genetic difference results in different phenotypes being expressed, as the dominant allele typically masks the expression of the recessive allele in heterozygous individuals.

2. The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defense. What are some physical barriers that contribute to the innate immune system?

• A. Antibodies
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Skin and mucous membranes
• D. Memory B cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes are crucial components of the innate immune system's first line of defense. These barriers act as physical obstacles that prevent pathogens from entering the body. Antibodies (option A) are produced by the adaptive immune system in response to specific pathogens and do not serve as physical barriers. Phagocytes (option B) are cells that engulf and digest pathogens, playing a role in the innate immune response but not as physical barriers. Memory B cells (option D) are part of the adaptive immune system and aid in mounting a faster and more effective immune response upon subsequent exposure to a specific pathogen, but they are not physical barriers against initial pathogen entry.

3. Which of the following types of writing would include a bibliography of sources at the end?

• A. An article for a school paper
• B. A research paper on the Great Migration
• C. A short story for a magazine
• D. A personal essay about someone's father

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A research paper typically includes a bibliography of sources to document the research conducted. In this case, a research paper on the Great Migration would require a bibliography to cite the sources used. Choices A, C, and D do not typically require a bibliography as they are not research-based and focus more on personal or fictional content.

4. Which type of joint allows for rotational movement around a single axis?

• A. Ball-and-socket joint
• B. Pivot joint
• C. Hinge joint
• D. Saddle joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is a Pivot joint. A pivot joint, like the joint in the neck, enables rotational movement around a single axis. This type of joint is crucial for allowing the head to turn from side to side. Choice A, Ball-and-socket joint, allows for movement in multiple axes due to its spherical structure, not limited to single-axis rotation. Choice C, Hinge joint, allows movement in one plane like a door hinge, but not rotational movement around a single axis. Choice D, Saddle joint, allows movement in multiple directions but is not specifically designed for rotational movement around a single axis.

5. In the sentence 'The cherry tomatoes in our backyard are finally ready to be picked,' which of the following is the complete subject?

• A. tomatoes
• B. ready to be picked
• C. The cherry tomatoes in our backyard
• D. finally ready

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The complete subject in a sentence refers to the noun or pronoun that the sentence is about. In this case, the complete subject is 'The cherry tomatoes in our backyard.' It includes all the words that describe the subject and provide more specific information about it. 'Tomatoes' (Choice A) is just a part of the complete subject and not the entire subject. 'Ready to be picked' (Choice B) is a verb phrase, not the subject of the sentence. 'Finally ready' (Choice D) is an adjective phrase, not the subject of the sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is 'The cherry tomatoes in our backyard.'

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