Nursing Elites

1. The process by which a single-celled organism divides into two identical daughter cells is called

• A. Conjugation
• B. Binary fission
• C. Endocytosis
• D. Mitosis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) Conjugation is a process in which genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells through a conjugation tube. It does not involve the division of a single-celled organism into two identical daughter cells. B) Binary fission is the process by which a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium, divides into two identical daughter cells. This is a common method of reproduction in prokaryotic organisms. C) Endocytosis is a cellular process in which cells engulf external materials by wrapping them in a vesicle. It is not a method of cell division. D) Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells, leading to the production of two daughter cells with identical genetic material. However, the question specifically refers to a single-celled organism, which typically undergoes binary fission for reproduction.

2. Which of the following processes describes the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid during glycolysis?

• A. Glycogenesis
• B. Glycolysis
• C. Glycogenolysis
• D. Gluconeogenesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glycolysis. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down to produce pyruvic acid and ATP, generating energy in the form of ATP. Glycogenesis (choice A) is the process of glycogen synthesis, Glycogenolysis (choice C) is the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose, and Gluconeogenesis (choice D) is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Therefore, during glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid, which is a crucial step in energy production.

3. Which type of joint connects the bones of the skull?

• A. Synovial
• B. Fibrous
• C. Cartilaginous
• D. Ball-and-socket

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Fibrous joints connect the bones of the skull. These joints are immovable or provide very limited movement, providing stability and protection to the brain. Synovial joints (Choice A) are found in the limbs and allow for a wide range of movements. Cartilaginous joints (Choice C) are connected by cartilage and allow limited movement. Ball-and-socket joints (Choice D) allow for a wide range of motion, such as the hip and shoulder joints, but they do not connect the bones of the skull.

4. Three friends are sharing a burger. One friend eats a quarter of the burger. The other two friends equally divide the rest among themselves. What portion of the burger did each of the other two friends receive?

• A. 6-Jan
• B. 4-Jan
• C. 4-Mar
• D. 8-Mar

Correct answer: D

Rationale: After one friend eats a quarter of the burger, 3/4 of the burger remains. Dividing this equally between the other two friends means each receives 3/8 of the whole burger. Therefore, the correct answer is 8-Mar. Choice A (6-Jan), Choice B (4-Jan), and Choice C (4-Mar) are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the portion each of the other two friends receives after one friend consumes a quarter of the burger.

5. Elements tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve stable electron configurations like those of noble gases. Their group number often indicates the number of electrons gained/lost and the resulting ionic charge, providing a good starting point for prediction.

• A. Ionic bonds involve electron sharing, while metallic bonds involve electron transfer.
• B. Ionic bonds are weak and directional, while metallic bonds are strong and non-directional.
• C. Ionic bonds exist between metals and non-metals, while metallic bonds exist only between metals.
• D. Ionic bonds form discrete molecules, while metallic bonds form extended structures.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Ionic bonds typically form between metals and non-metals, where one atom donates electrons (cation) and the other accepts electrons (anion). This results in the transfer of electrons. Metallic bonds, on the other hand, occur between metal atoms where electrons are shared among a sea of delocalized electrons, leading to the characteristic properties of metals like malleability and conductivity. Choice A is incorrect because ionic bonds involve electron transfer, not sharing. Choice B is incorrect as ionic bonds are strong, not weak, and are non-directional, while metallic bonds are strong and non-directional. Choice D is incorrect as ionic bonds do not form discrete molecules but rather a lattice structure, whereas metallic bonds form extended structures.

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