Nursing Elites

1. During exercise, oxygen is used to convert glucose into energy for muscles. This process is called:

• A. Aerobic respiration
• B. Anaerobic respiration
• C. Glycolysis
• D. Lactic acid fermentation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to convert glucose into energy. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is the most efficient way to produce energy during exercise. Anaerobic respiration and glycolysis are alternative pathways for energy production when oxygen is limited, typically occurring during high-intensity exercise. Lactic acid fermentation, on the other hand, occurs in the absence of oxygen and leads to the production of lactic acid, causing muscle fatigue and soreness.

2. What is bile, where is it produced, where is it stored, and what is its function?

• A. Produced in the pancreas, stored in the liver, aids in digestion
• B. Produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, aids in fat digestion
• C. Produced in the stomach, stored in the pancreas, neutralizes acid
• D. Produced in the gallbladder, stored in the liver, breaks down proteins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Bile is a digestive fluid produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and it aids in the digestion of fats by emulsifying them. Emulsification helps to break down fats into smaller particles, facilitating their digestion by enzymes in the small intestine. Choice A is incorrect because bile is not produced in the pancreas, and it is not stored in the liver. Choice C is incorrect as bile is not produced in the stomach, and it does not neutralize acid. Choice D is also incorrect as bile is not produced in the gallbladder, and its primary function is not to break down proteins.

3. What is the approximate composition of blood?

• A. 45% plasma, 55% formed elements
• B. 55% plasma, 45% formed elements
• C. 55% water, 45% blood cells
• D. 45% water, 55% plasma

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Blood is composed of approximately 55% plasma (mostly water with proteins, electrolytes, and nutrients) and 45% formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Choice B is the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect as it reverses the percentages. Choice C is incorrect because it incorrectly states that blood cells make up 45% of blood, while they are part of the formed elements along with platelets. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that water makes up 45% of blood, which is not accurate.

4. How many milliliters are in 1 ounce?

• A. 20 ml
• B. 30 ml
• C. 40 ml
• D. 50 ml

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 30 ml. 1 ounce is equivalent to 30 milliliters. This conversion is a common one in many contexts involving liquid measurements. Choice A (20 ml), Choice C (40 ml), and Choice D (50 ml) are incorrect conversions and do not represent the accurate conversion between ounces and milliliters.

5. What is the primary function of nephrons?

• A. Store urine
• B. Filter blood and remove waste products
• C. Produce hormones
• D. Control blood pressure

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood to remove waste products, excess ions, and water. This process leads to the formation of urine, aiding in maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. The primary function of nephrons is not to store urine but to filter blood and eliminate waste products. Choice C, 'Produce hormones,' is incorrect as nephrons primarily focus on filtration rather than hormone production. Choice D, 'Control blood pressure,' is also incorrect as while the kidneys do play a role in regulating blood pressure, it is not the primary function of nephrons within the kidneys.

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