Nursing Elites

1. Chromatids divide into identical chromosomes and migrate to opposite ends of the cell in which of the following phases of mitosis?

• A. metaphase
• B. anaphase
• C. prophase
• D. telophase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: During anaphase of mitosis, the sister chromatids detach from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the cell. This process ensures that each daughter cell ultimately receives an identical set of chromosomes, as the chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes again. This is a crucial step in ensuring accurate distribution of genetic material during cell division. In metaphase, the chromosomes align at the cell's equator but do not separate yet. Prophase is the phase where chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Telophase is the final phase where the nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromosomes.

2. Which type of epithelial tissue lines the inner lining of your intestines, responsible for absorption?

• A. Stratified squamous
• B. Simple columnar
• C. Stratified cuboidal
• D. Transitional epithelium

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is simple columnar epithelium. This type of epithelial tissue is well-suited for absorption and secretion due to its tall, column-like shape and the presence of microvilli on its surface, which increase the surface area for absorption in organs like the intestines. Simple columnar epithelium is the ideal choice for the inner lining of the intestines as it allows for efficient nutrient absorption. Stratified squamous epithelium is typically found in areas subjected to abrasion, like the skin, and not suited for absorption. Stratified cuboidal epithelium is rare and found in specific gland ducts, not in the intestines. Transitional epithelium is specialized for stretching and is primarily found in the urinary system, not involved in absorption processes in the intestines.

3. Which of the following is a weak acid commonly found in citrus fruits?

• A. Sulfuric acid (Hâ‚‚SOâ‚„)
• B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• C. Citric acid
• D. Nitric acid (HNO₃)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Citric acid is a weak acid commonly found in citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, and limes. It is responsible for the sour taste in these fruits. Sulfuric acid (option A), hydrochloric acid (option B), and nitric acid (option D) are all strong acids that are typically used in laboratory settings and industrial processes, not naturally found in citrus fruits. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

4. Salts like sodium iodide (NaI) and potassium chloride (KCl) use what type of bond?

• A. Ionic bonds
• B. Disulfide bridges
• C. Covalent bonds
• D. London dispersion forces

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Salts like sodium iodide (NaI) and potassium chloride (KCl) use ionic bonds. Ionic bonds are formed between atoms with significantly different electronegativities, leading to the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. In the case of NaI and KCl, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are metals that easily lose electrons to become positively charged ions, while iodide (I) and chloride (Cl) are nonmetals that readily accept electrons to become negatively charged ions. The attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms the ionic bond, which holds the compound together in a lattice structure. Disulfide bridges (option B) are covalent bonds formed between sulfur atoms in proteins, not in salts. Covalent bonds (option C) involve the sharing of electrons between atoms and are typically seen in molecules, not ionic compounds like salts. London dispersion forces (option D) are weak intermolecular forces that occur between all types of molecules but are not the primary type of bond in salts like NaI and KCl.

5. What is the best definition of the underlined word in the selection below, taken from the third paragraph of the passage? 'You should try to be aware of your consumption of water and energy.'

• A. Using the greatest amount
• B. Illness of the lungs
• C. Using the least amount
• D. Depletion of goods

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In this context, 'consumption' refers to the use or depletion of resources like water and energy. It is not about using the greatest amount (choice A) or the least amount (choice C) but about being mindful of how much you use to avoid depletion. 'Illness of the lungs' (choice B) is completely unrelated to the context of resource conservation discussed in the passage.

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